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February 21, 2023
CityPetHEALTH

Canine Distemper in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

Canine distemper is a highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs and other animals, including foxes, wolves, raccoons, and ferrets. The virus that causes canine distemper is called the canine distemper virus (CDV). The disease is spread through contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, such as saliva, urine, or feces.

The symptoms of canine distemper can vary widely depending on the infection’s severity, the animal’s age and health, and other factors. Common symptoms include fever, coughing, sneezing, discharge from the nose and eyes, lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, and paralysis.

There is no cure for canine distemper, but there are vaccines that can help prevent the disease. Treatment for infected animals typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, antibiotics to prevent secondary infections, and medications from controlling symptoms such as seizures. However, even with aggressive treatment, many animals with canine distemper do not survive.

Causes of Canine Distemper:

Adorable greyhound dog laying on bed-cause of canine distemper

Canine distemper is caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV) called canine morbillivirus. It is a highly contagious virus that is spread from one dog to another through contact with an infected animal’s body fluids, including urine, feces, saliva, and respiratory secretions. 

The virus can also be transmitted through airborne particles or contaminated objects like food and water bowls, toys, and bedding. Infected animals can shed the virus for weeks after they recover, and even dogs that show no symptoms can still spread the disease. 

Unvaccinated dogs and puppies are at the highest risk of contracting the disease, as are dogs that live in overcrowded or unsanitary conditions. Wildlife species such as raccoons, foxes, and skunks are also common carriers of the virus and can infect domestic dogs.

Unvaccinated dogs and puppies, as well as dogs with weakened immune systems, are most susceptible to the virus.

Symptoms of Canine Distemper:

Close up on veterinarian taking care of dog

The symptoms of canine distemper can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the affected dog’s age, immune system, and overall health condition. Some of the common symptoms include:

  • Fever
  • Loss of appetite
  • Lethargy
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Nasal and eye discharge
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Dehydration
  • Weight loss
  • Thickening and hardening of the paw pads and nose
  • Seizures
  • Muscle twitches
  • Paralysis
  • Behavioral changes, such as aggression or depression

In puppies, the virus can cause enamel hypoplasia, which is permanent damage to the teeth that appear discolored or with holes. 

Dogs with severe cases of distemper may develop neurological symptoms, including tremors, convulsions, and circling behavior. The symptoms usually appear within 1 to 3 weeks after exposure to the virus and can last for several weeks or months.

Diagnosis:

Portrait of a cute young small pekingese dog lying on white floor near stethoscope

Diagnosing canine distemper requires a thorough physical examination and a combination of laboratory tests and clinical signs. Your veterinarian may look for signs of respiratory, gastrointestinal, or neurological symptoms and may perform various tests, including:

  • Blood tests: A complete blood count (CBC) and a biochemistry panel can provide information about the dog’s immune system, organ function, and overall health condition.
  • Urine tests: A urinalysis can help identify any urinary tract infections or dehydration.
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test: This test detects the presence of the distemper virus in the blood, urine, or other body fluids and tissues.
  • Serology test: This test checks for the presence of antibodies against the distemper virus in the blood.
  • Chest X-rays: X-rays can reveal any signs of pneumonia or respiratory distress.
  • Neurological examination: A neurological examination can identify any signs of seizures, muscle twitches, or other neurological symptoms.

It is essential to provide your veterinarian with a complete medical history and information about the dog’s vaccination status, as this can help determine the likelihood of distemper infection. Early detection and treatment are crucial to managing the symptoms and improving the dog’s chances of recovery.

Treatments:

Close up on veterinary doctor taking care of pet

There is no cure for canine distemper, and treatment mainly focuses on managing the symptoms and preventing secondary infections. The treatment plan can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the affected dog’s age and overall health condition. Some of the common treatments include:

  • Isolation: Infected dogs should be isolated from other animals to prevent the spread of the virus.
  • Fluid therapy: Dehydration is a common complication of distemper, and dogs may need intravenous fluids to maintain hydration.
  • Antibiotics: Secondary bacterial infections can occur in dogs with distemper, and antibiotics may be necessary to treat these infections.
  • Anti-seizure medications: Dogs with neurological symptoms may require anti-seizure medications to manage the seizures.
  • Medications to control vomiting and diarrhea: To prevent dehydration, dogs with vomiting and diarrhea may need medication to control these symptoms.
  • Nutritional support: Dogs with distemper may lose their appetite, and nutritional support may be necessary to maintain their weight and strength.
  • Eye and nose drops: Medications such as antivirals or antibiotics may be prescribed in the form of eye and nose drops to treat ocular and respiratory symptoms.

Prevention is the best strategy against distemper, and vaccination is the most effective way to protect dogs from the virus. Regular veterinary checkups and maintaining a healthy immune system can also help prevent the disease.

Summary:

The pretty girl embarcing a basket with dog

In this article, we learn about canine distemper which is a highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs and other animals, including raccoons, foxes, and ferrets. 

The virus attacks the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems of the infected animal, causing symptoms such as fever, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, and paralysis. The disease is often fatal and Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent canine distemper.

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February 18, 2023
CityPetHEALTH

Canine Parvovirus: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs, especially puppies, and causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. 

It is transmitted through direct contact with infected feces or contaminated surfaces, and can also spread through indirect contact with objects or people who have come in contact with infected dogs. 

There is no cure for parvovirus, and treatment is mainly supportive, including IV fluids, anti-nausea medication, and antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections. Prevention through vaccination and good hygiene practices is the best way to protect your dog from this potentially fatal disease.

Causes of Canine Parvovirus:

cause of canine parvovirus: a woman is hugging a pug

Canine parvovirus is caused by the highly contagious canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) virus, which attacks rapidly dividing cells in the body, particularly those in the intestinal lining, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. 

The virus is shed in large amounts in the feces of infected dogs and can survive in the environment for months, making it easily transmissible to other dogs. The primary causes of canine parvovirus are:

  1. Direct Contact with Infected Dogs: Dogs can contract the virus by coming into contact with infected feces, saliva, or vomit of an infected dog.
  2. Contaminated Objects: The virus can be transmitted through indirect contact with objects or surfaces contaminated with the virus, such as food dishes, toys, bedding, or clothing.
  3. Lack of Vaccination: Dogs that have not been vaccinated or have an incomplete vaccination schedule are at higher risk of contracting parvovirus.
  4. Weakened Immune System: Dogs with a weakened immune system, such as young puppies, elderly dogs, or dogs with underlying health conditions, are more susceptible to the virus.

It is essential to take steps to prevent the spread of the virus by following good hygiene practices, vaccinating your dog, and isolating infected dogs.

Symptoms:

a cute white sick dog with brown ear

The symptoms of canine parvovirus can vary in severity, but often include:

  1. Loss of appetite
  2. Vomiting
  3. Diarrhea, often bloody or watery
  4. Lethargy or weakness
  5. Dehydration
  6. Abdominal pain or bloating
  7. Fever
  8. Rapid heartbeat or breathing

In severe cases, the virus can cause sepsis, which can lead to shock, organ failure, and death. The disease is most severe in puppies, as they have weaker immune systems and are more susceptible to dehydration and secondary infections. 

However, adult dogs can also contract the virus, especially if they are unvaccinated or have weakened immune systems. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to the recovery of dogs with parvovirus.

Diagnosis:

A veterinarian can diagnose canine parvovirus through a combination of physical examination, clinical symptoms, and laboratory tests.

  1. Physical Exam: The veterinarian will examine the dog for signs of dehydration, fever, and abdominal pain.
  2. Fecal Test: A fecal sample is taken and tested for the presence of the virus. The test detects the virus’s genetic material using a technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and can confirm a diagnosis within a few hours.
  3. Blood Test: Blood tests can help determine the severity of the disease, check for dehydration, and monitor the dog’s response to treatment.
  4. Imaging: In severe cases, imaging tests such as X-rays or ultrasounds may be used to evaluate the dog’s organs and detect any complications.

It is essential to consult with a veterinarian if you suspect your dog has parvovirus. Quick diagnosis and treatment are critical for a positive outcome.

Treatments:

Treatment for canine parvovirus focuses on managing symptoms, preventing dehydration, and supporting the immune system while the dog’s body fights off the virus. Treatment typically involves hospitalization and may include:

  1. Fluid Therapy: Intravenous (IV) fluids and electrolyte solutions are used to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
  2. Medications: Antibiotics are used to prevent secondary bacterial infections. Anti-nausea medications and pain relief medication may be administered.
  3. Nutritional Support: Nutritional support is given through a feeding tube or intravenously to provide the necessary nutrients and energy to the dog.
  4. Isolation: Infected dogs should be isolated to prevent the spread of the virus to other dogs.
  5. Hospitalization: Dogs with severe symptoms may require hospitalization.
  6. Vaccination: Prevention is key in the fight against parvovirus, so vaccination is the most effective way to protect dogs against the disease.

With prompt and aggressive treatment, many dogs can recover from parvovirus. However, recovery can take several weeks and requires close monitoring by a veterinarian.

Summary

It is a highly contagious disease that can spread rapidly among dogs but does not typically affect other animals.

However, there are different strains of the parvovirus that can infect other animals, such as feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) which causes similar symptoms in cats, and parvovirus strains that infect other wild animals such as raccoons, skunks, and foxes. 

These strains are not interchangeable with the canine parvovirus and cannot be transmitted to dogs. It is essential to vaccinate your dog against canine parvovirus to prevent the disease from spreading and to protect your dog’s health.

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February 17, 2023
CityPetHEALTH

Epilepsy in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

Epilepsy in dogs is a neurological disorder that causes recurrent seizures or fits. Seizures are the result of abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can manifest as sudden, uncontrolled movements or behavior changes, convulsions, loss of consciousness, or display of other abnormal behaviors.

Epilepsy is a chronic condition that can be managed with medication, but not cured. Dogs with epilepsy can live full and happy lives with the right care and support from their owners and veterinarians.

While epilepsy is a chronic condition, it can often be managed with medication and other forms of treatment. If you suspect that your dog may be having seizures or may have epilepsy, it is important to consult with your veterinarian to receive a proper diagnosis and develop a treatment plan.

Causes:

Epilepsy in dogs is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures that can be caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It can occur at any age, and it affects both male and female dogs of any breed. 

The exact cause of epilepsy is often unknown, but it can be triggered by a variety of factors, such as: 

  • Genetic predisposition 
  • Environmental triggers
  • Brain tumors
  • Infections 
  • Head Trauma  
  • Metabolic disorders. 
  • Exposure to toxins.

Some breeds of dogs are more prone to develop epilepsy than others, such as Beagles, Golden Retrievers, and Labradors.

Symptoms:

The main symptom of epilepsy in dogs is seizures, which can manifest as sudden, uncontrolled movements or behavior changes and range in severity from mild to severe. Symptoms of epilepsy in dogs can vary, Other signs may include: 

  • Loss of consciousness
  • Drooling 
  • Urination  
  • Defecation
  • Drooling 
  • Staring 
  • Twitching 
  • Loss of bowel or bladder control, 
  • Confusion and disorientation.

The severity and frequency of seizures can vary depending on the individual dog, and they can last anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes.

Diagnosis:

To diagnose epilepsy, a veterinarian will typically perform a thorough physical exam and may also recommend blood tests, diagnostic imaging such as an MRI or CT scan, and other diagnostic tests to rule out other underlying medical conditions. 

A definitive diagnosis of epilepsy is often made based on the dog’s complete clinical history and the presence of characteristic seizure activity on electroencephalogram (EEG) testing. 

A neurological exam may also be conducted to assess the function of the dog’s nervous system. 

Treatments:

The treatment of epilepsy in dogs typically involves:

  • Medication: Treatment for epilepsy in dogs typically involves the use of anticonvulsant medications, such as phenobarbital or potassium bromide, which can help reduce the frequency and severity of seizures.
  • Diet: change in diet or lifestyle may be recommended. 
  • Seizure response medication and medical alert tags or collars may also be recommended. 
  • Surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be recommended as a last resort. 
  • Alternative therapies: such as acupuncture may be recommended to manage seizures.
  • Regular check-ups with a veterinarian are important to monitor the dog’s condition and adjust the medication as needed.

The dose and frequency of medication will be determined by the veterinarian, and regular blood tests may be required to monitor the dog’s liver function. 

It is important to work with a veterinarian to develop an individualized treatment plan for your dog’s epilepsy, as treatment may need to be adjusted over time to ensure that it remains effective.

Summary:

Overall, while epilepsy in dogs can be a challenging condition to manage, with proper treatment and management, most dogs with epilepsy can lead happy, healthy lives.

In addition to medication, there are also several lifestyle changes that can help reduce the frequency and severity of seizures in dogs with epilepsy. These may include reducing stress, maintaining a consistent routine, and avoiding triggers such as bright lights or loud noises.

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February 15, 2023
CityPetHEALTH

Enlarged Liver In Dogs- Symptoms, Cause, & Treatments

This article discusses the symptoms, causes, and treatments for enlarged livers in dogs. 

Enlarged liver, also known as hepatomegaly, is a common condition in dogs. It is a result of the liver growing in size beyond its normal limits. This condition is often caused by the progression of infectious canine hepatitis or the development of chronic hepatitis. If the liver tissue is benign, there are a few potential causes of enlarged livers in dogs.

If you’re concerned that your pet may have an enlarged liver, check with your veterinarian immediately. The most common causes, symptoms, and treatments are as follows:

Causes:

There are various causes of an enlarged liver in dogs, including:

  1. Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver can cause it to enlarge.
  2. Infectious diseases: Bacterial, fungal, or viral infections such as leptospirosis, Lyme disease, and canine distemper can cause an enlarged liver.
  3. Toxicity: Ingestion of toxic substances such as pesticides, drugs, and heavy metals can damage the liver and cause it to enlarge.
  4. Cancer: Tumors in the liver can cause it to enlarge. 
  5. Congenital abnormalities: Some dogs may be born with liver abnormalities that can cause them to enlarge.
  6. Canine adenovirus: It is another potential cause for enlarged livers in dogs; however, this is usually paired with clinical signs such as fever, anorexia, lethargy, and a high white cell count on blood work.
  7. Hepatitis portosystemic shunts: In some cases, dogs may have a form of liver disease known as hepatitis portosystemic shunts or shunts liver disease.
  8. Canine herpesvirus: It can also be a factor in this condition.
  9. Other causes: viral diseases and liver dysfunction and severe reduction in the use of the liver due to diseases like cirrhosis or inflammation and scarring.

Symptoms:

This is a genetic condition and can cause more severe symptoms than other forms of liver disease in dogs. Common signs of this condition are:

  • Abdominal distension
  • Loss of appetite
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Weight loss
  • Seizures
  • Lethargy and weakness
  • Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
  • Increased thirst and urination
  • Abdominal pain
  • Vision problems 

In more severe cases, dogs may experience 

  • Hepatic encephalopathy (a severe brain condition), 
  • Including coma and 
  • Eventual blindness. 

Unfortunately, this disease progresses quickly if not caught early in your dog’s life. 

Dogs born small or with a liver shunt can set off more severe symptoms such as ascites buildup, which is the accumulation of fluid in the belly that causes abdominal swelling.

Diagnosis 

The veterinarian may perform diagnostic tests to identify the cause and severity of the condition. 

  • A recommended liver biopsy is the only way to accurately diagnose.
  • The vet will want to look at the entire liver region and may order x-rays or radiographs to see if any tumors are present. 
  • If a tumor is present, further imaging such as an ultrasound or CT scan may be needed to reveal scar tissue or other types of tumors. 
  • Your vet may also take a tissue sample from the liver to determine if any cancer cells, bacteria, or other foreign bodies are present. 
  • This will help them distinguish between the benign and malignant nature of the tumor. 
  • Once the cause for the enlarged liver has been determined, your veterinarian can begin devising a treatment plan depending on the severity stage and cause the severity of symptoms. 
  • To prevent future issues related to an enlarged liver in dogs it’s important to schedule regular exams with your veterinarian so they can monitor any changes that occur over time.

Treatments:

During exams, your vet will detect if your dog’s liver is enlarged and can recommend treatment plans. The prognosis of your dog’s condition depends on the underlying cause of the enlargement. 

Treatment may include reducing liver inflammation, diet supplements, additional vitamins and minerals, steroids, antibiotics, and antioxidants. Depending on the stage of cirrhosis or hepatitis present in your dog’s abdominal area, symptoms will vary and so will their prognosis.

Treatment may include:

  1. Medications: Depending on the cause of the enlarged liver, medications such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids may be prescribed.
  2. Diet: Dogs with an enlarged liver may require a special diet to reduce stress on the liver. This may include a protein increase, reducing salt intake, and avoiding processed foods.
  3. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be required to remove a tumor or correct a congenital abnormality.
  4. Supportive care: Dogs with an enlarged liver may require supportive care such as IV fluids, anti-nausea medications, pain relief, subcutaneous (SQ) fluids, and antibiotics to reduce inflammation as well as scarring in the liver.

Summary

In summary, an enlarged liver in dogs can have various causes and symptoms. Diagnosis for enlarged livers can be done through palpation (feeling for abnormalities) as well as through blood work to reveal any underlying problems or cancers.  Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to ensure the best outcome for the affected dog. If you suspect that your dog has an enlarged liver, consult with your veterinarian as soon as possible

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